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ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจื™ื: ื”ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•

The

ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992, ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจ, ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืชื‘ืข ืืช ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจ. ื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1993 ื”ื™ื• ื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื ืคืกืœื• ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื“ืจืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” - ืฉืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขื ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจ, ืื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ื ื’ื“ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ.


ื‘ืžืื™ 1992, ื›ืืฉืจ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ื ืกืข ื‘ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืœืฉืจื™ื“ ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’โ€™ืœืก, ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืœืงืœื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื. ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ - ื”ืื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจ.


ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ, ื’'ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจ ื•ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื” - ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืœื™ืœื™ ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจ.

ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืืฉืชื•, ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ (ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื›ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ืื• ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ-ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ) ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื”ืžื”ื•ืœืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉืชื‘ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื”, ื’โ€™ื•ืจื“ืŸ (12), ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืจ. ื“ื™ื•ื“ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื’โ€™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืขืกืงื”: ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœื• ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื - ืื ื’โ€™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื™ืกื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืœืฆืœ ืืœื™ื•. ื’โ€™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื”, ืžื™ืœื ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื• ื•ื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœื™ืœื“ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™. ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ, ืžืœ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื ื–ื›ืจ: "ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืื™ืœื• [ื”ืืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“] ื“ื—ืงื” ื‘ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื”", ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ. โ€œืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืœื“ ืžืฉื”ื•, ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ". [1]


ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจื™ื, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992, ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื™ืจืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉื™ืขืจื• ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืขืœื” ื‘ืืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื™ืœื ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืฉืœ ืคืคืกื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1984, ื’โ€™ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืื™ืžื• ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื• ืžื›ืชื‘ ืขื ืื™ื—ื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœืžื”, ื•ื’โ€™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื•ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœืื•ื“ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ืœื›ืื•ืจื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’โ€™ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืœื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืคืจืกื•ืžืช ื•ืœื ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ื’โ€™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืกื˜ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคื•. ื”ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1985 [2, ืขืžื•ื“ 12].


ย 

ื’โ€™ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-11 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ, 1980. ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื’'ื•ืŸ ื•ืื•ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจ, ื”ืชื’ืจืฉื• ื‘ 1985, ื•ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื’ืจ ืขื ืื™ืžื• ื•ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™, ื“ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ. ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืœื’โ€™ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืื—ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื”. ืื‘ื ืฉืœื•, ืื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืื•ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืงืืจืžื–), ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ื•ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื• ื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืช - ืื— ื•ืื—ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื.


ืื•ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ืœืžื“ ืจืคื•ืืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ื•ืจืœื™ ื”ื™ืœืก, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืฉืืฃ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื›ืชืกืจื™ื˜ืื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992, ืฉื™ืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืœืกืจื˜ ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” "ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“: ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ืฅ" ( Robin Hood: Men In Tights) ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืข"ื™ ืžืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงืก. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื™ืฆื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1993. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืžืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงืก, ื’โ€™.ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืฉืคื™ืจื• ื•ืื•ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜, ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ื‘ืชืกืจื™ื˜ [2, ืขืžื•ื“ 37].


ืื•ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจ

ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 , ื’โ€™ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืขื–ืจ ืœืื‘ื ืฉืœื• ืขื ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชืกืจื™ื˜, ื•ืื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ 5,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื™ืœื ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื [3]. ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื•ืจื“ืŸ, ืจื™ื™ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ, ืžืชืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื• "All That Glitters" ("ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืฅ") ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004, ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ, ื‘ื• ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื‘ืขืœื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ "ืื‘ื ื ื•ืจื" ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื’โ€™ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื™ืœื ืื•ืชื•. ืื•ื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ ื”ื•ื "ืฉื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื ืง" [2; ืขืžื•ื“ 55-56]. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ื‘2005, ืื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื™ืœื ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื‘ื ื• [3]. ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื‘ื ื• ื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ื.ืข"ืค ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืคืจื™ืžืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ืกื—ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ, ืื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืœืคื˜ื•ืค ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืงื ื” [1]. ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ืชื‘ืขื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืืช ืื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืกืš 68,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1993, ืขืœ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื” ืžื˜ืขื ืชื”.


ื‘ืขื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005, ืกื™ืคืจื” ื›ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื’โ€™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ืื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชืกืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื ื, ื˜ืขื ื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื’ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ [3].

ย 

ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ืžื–ื’ ื—ื ื•ืืœื™ื, ืขื ืื•ืคื™ ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™.ื‘ืžืืžืจื” ืœืขื™ืชื•ืŸ GQ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994, ืžืืจื™ ื. ืคื™ืฉืจ, ืžืฆื˜ื˜ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ: "ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ืื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื–ื’ ืฉืœื•" [1]. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืืžืจ, ืคื™ืฉืจ ืžืชืืจืช ืชืงืจื™ืช ืฉืื™ืจืขื” ืขื ืœืืจื™ ืคืœื“ืžืŸ (ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”โ€™ืฆื ื“ืœืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช) ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1993. ืข"ืค ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืฉืจ:


"[ืื•ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ] ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื–ื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืœื“ื™ื™ื‘ [ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ]. ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ื“ ืžื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื”ืชืจืขื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ื›ื— ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื‘ื ื• ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื•ื•ืŸ ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืกืจื‘ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•. ื“ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืชืขืฆื‘ืŸ ื•ืืžืจ ืœืื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื—ื˜ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื–ื• ืื•ื•ืŸ ืงื ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืœื“ื™ื™ื‘, ื›ืš ืข"ืค ืžืงื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ." [1]


ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื• ืžืฉื ืช 2005, ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืคืขื™ืœ (atgbook.com), ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ, ืจื™ื™ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ, ื”ืžืขื™ื˜ ืžื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื•ืžืชืืจ ืื•ืชื• ื›"ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื’ืจื•ืฃ ืื—ื“" ืฉืงืจืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื›ืกืฃ - ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžื•ืœ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ืžื•ืœ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื•.


ื“ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ

ื’'ืจืœื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื–, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ ืง. ืจื•ื˜ืžืŸ, (ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจ ื‘ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ 1993) ืžืชืืจืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉื“ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื” "Redemption" ("ื’ืื•ืœื”"), ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004: "ืžืจ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื‘-9 ืœื™ื•ืœื™, 1993, ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื ื˜ื•ื•ื“, ืฉื“"ืจ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื’ืจื•ืฃ ื•ืื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื“"ืจ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ื”ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœืงืจืงืข ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืขื•ื˜ ื‘ื• ื•ื™ืจืง ืขืœื™ื•. ืžืจ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืคื“ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืœ 1993, ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืจื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื“"ืจ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืื’ืจื•ืฃ ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืฉื’ืจื ืœื• ืœืื‘ื“ ื”ื›ืจื”." [5; ืขืžื•ื“ 136]. ืจื™ื™ ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจ ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื•ื•ืŸ ืื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื” ืืช ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ [4]. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชืงืจื™ืช ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•: "ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, [ืื•ื•ืŸ] ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ืขืก ืฉืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื–ื™ื ืง ืžื›ื™ืกืื• ื•ืกื˜ืจ ืœื“ื™ื™ื‘. ื›ืžื” ืžืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื• ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื• ืื•ืชื". [2; ืขืžื•ื“ 170]


ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ื•ื“ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ, ืื•ื•ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืืฉืชื• ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, "ืžื•ื ื™ืง" (ืฉืžื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ื˜ืœื™ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืชืขืชื™ืง ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ื™ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ), ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืชื” ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื‘ื’ื“ื” ื‘ื• ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืชืกืคืจ ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ: "ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืงืืŸ ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉื? ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืคืืงื™ื ื’ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืกืงืก. ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื™, ืื•ืงื™ื™? ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™, [ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ื”ืงืœื˜ื”] ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืจื” ื‘ื”, ืื• ืžืชื’ืจืฉ ืžืžื ื”." [6] ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”: "ื•ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื”? ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื” ืืช ื–ื”, ืืžืจืชื™ ื’โ€™ื•ืŸโ€ฆ 'ืžื•ื ื™ืง, ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืชืจืฆื™ ืœืฉื›ื‘ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืื• ืื ืืช ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ืืช ืชื‘ื•ืื™ ื•ืชื’ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ ืืช ื–ื” [ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ื”ืงืœื˜ื”] ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื ื™ ืื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชืš ืœื ืฆื—, ืื ื™ ืืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืš ื•ืืื—ืœ ืœืš ื˜ื•ื‘. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช, ืืช ืชื–ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ ืื™ืชื• ืงื•ื“ื ื•ืื– ืืช [ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ื”ืงืœื˜ื”], ืื ื™ ืื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชืš, ื ืงื•ื“ื”.' ืืžืจืชื™ 'ืืœื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืื ืืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ื“. ื›ืš ืื ื™ ื—ื™'." [6] ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืœื ืื—ืจ ืžืจื™ื™ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ืฉื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื•: "ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994 ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ืŸ, ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื” ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1992 ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืขื” ื—ืœืง ืžื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืŸ ืœืืฉืชื• ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืžื•ื ื™ืง, ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืคื™ื–ื™." [4]



ย 

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื™ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื•ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืžืฉื ืช 2005 ื›ื™ "ืœ[ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ] ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื” ืกื›ื ื” ืœื’โ€™ื•ืจื“ื™" [4], ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื” ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื ื• ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืจื’ ืื•ืชื•.


ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื• ื ืจืื• ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ื, ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ, ืื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1993, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช, ืื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืžืœื™ื•ื ืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžื•ืœ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ. ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉืชื• ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื ื’ื“ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื›ื™ ืื•ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื•. ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ืŸ, ืจื™ื™ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ, ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื ื™ื— ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช [2; ืขืžื•ื“ 248].


"All That Glitters" ืจื™ื™ ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจ, ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจ


ื‘ืฉื ืช 1995, ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืขื ืืฉืชื• ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ืŸ, ื ื˜ืœื™ ("ืžื•ื ื™ืง") ื•ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื™ื•.


ื‘-6 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2005, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื–ื™ื›ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื’โ€™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ื–ื•, ืื•ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ "ื”ื™ื›ื” [ืืช ื’โ€™ื•ืจื“ืŸ] ื‘ืจืืฉ ืขื ืžืฉืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ 12 ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื•, ื•ืื– ืจื™ืกืก ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ื’ื– ืžื“ืžื™ืข ืื• ืชืจืกื™ืก ืคืœืคืœ ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœื—ื ื•ืง ืื•ืชื•" [7]. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ "ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื›ื™ ืžืฉืงื•ืœืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืคืฆื™ืขื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืื• ืœืžื•ื•ืช" [7].


ื‘-5 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2005, ื’โ€™ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื• ื”ืจื—ืงื” ื–ืžื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืœื ืจืื” ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืืฉื (ืื•ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ) ื”ืจืื” "ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ืช ื•ืฉืชืœื˜ื ื™ืช" [7], ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืช ื’โ€™ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืœืฆื• ื”ืจื—ืงื” ืงื‘ื•ืข. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ื• ืœืขื™ืœ, ื™ื—ื“ ืื›ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.


ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจ ืœื ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”. ื‘-24 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2005, ืื•ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื’โ€™ื•ืจื“ืŸ, ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืงืจืŸ ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื•ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005.


ื‘-5 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2009, ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื’โ€™ืงืกื•ืŸ, ืื•ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ื”ืชืื‘ื“. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืช ื›ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“, ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช. ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ืจื” ืื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื•, ืืœื ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื•. ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื•: "ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืชื™ ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื™" [10]. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช ื“ื™ืืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ (ืฉื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ื™ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื›ืื“ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื ื“ืœืจ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช [2; ืขืžื•ื“ 194]), ืื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืกื‘ืœ ืžื”ืคืจืขื” ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ืช.




ย 

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช:


[1] Mary A. Fischer: Was Michael Jackson Framed? (GQ, October 1994) http://www.buttonmonkey.com/misc/maryfischer.html

[2] Raymond Chandler โ€“ All That Glitters: The Crime and the Cover-Up (Windsong Press Ltd, September 2004)

[3] June Chandlerโ€™s testimony at Michael Jacksonโ€™s 2005 trial (April 11, 2005) https://themichaeljacksonallegationsblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/court-transcripts.zip

[4] Raymond Chandlerโ€™s article on his now defunct website (Allthatglittersbook.com, Atgbook.com, Atgbook.net, January-February, 2005) http://web.archive.org/web/20050208010747/atgbook.net/GQFinal.html

[5] Geraldine Hughes โ€“ Redemption: The Truth Behind the Michael Jackson Child Molestation Allegations (Hughes Publishing, January 2004)

[6] Taped phone conversation between Evan Chandler and David Schwartz (July 8, 1993) https://themichaeljacksonallegationsblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/plugin-schwartz_chandler.pdf

[9] Michael Jacskon was Innocent โ€“ Tom Mesereau talks about how Jordan Chandler Lies http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-eSC997_HH0



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